M–N–C materials as heterogeneous catalysts for organic transformations

M–N–C (metal-nitrogen-carbon) materials have gained recognition as versatile and effective catalysts in heterogeneous catalysis and electrocatalytic reactions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of their reactivity, with a particular emphasis on their use in organic transformations. The review discusses the synthesis of M–N–C materials from organic precursors, and the effect of different precursors on their catalytic activity. Techniques for improving their catalytic activity, such as optimizing their performance in reductions and oxidations, are also discussed. The challenges and limitations associated with the use of M–N–C materials as catalysts, including stability and environmental toxicity, are explored. Despite these challenges, the review underscores the versatility and potential of M–N–C materials as catalysts, and provides insights into future research directions for improving their stability and performance.