Periplasmic Bacterial Biomineralization of Copper Sulfide Nanoparticles

Metal sulfides are a common group of extracellular bacterial biominerals. However, only a few cases of intracellular biomineralization are reported in this group, mostly limited to greigite (Fe₃S₄) in magnetotactic bacteria. Here, a previously unknown periplasmic biomineralization of copper sulfide produced by the magnetotactic bacterium Desulfamplus magnetovallimortis strain BW-1, a species known to mineralize greigite (Fe₃S₄) and magnetite (Fe₃O₄) in the cytoplasm is reported. BW-1 produces hundreds of spherical nanoparticles, composed of 1–2 nm substructures of a poorly crystalline hexagonal copper sulfide structure that remains in a thermodynamically unstable state. The particles appear to be surrounded by an organic matrix as found from staining and electron microscopy inspection. Differential proteomics suggests that periplasmic proteins, such as a DegP-like protein and a heavy metal-binding protein, could be involved in this biomineralization process. The unexpected periplasmic formation of copper sulfide nanoparticles in BW-1 reveals previously unknown possibilities for intracellular biomineralization that involves intriguing biological control and holds promise for biological metal recovery in times of copper shortage.