The post-enlargement migration experience in the Baltic labor markets

We use Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian LFS data (2002-2007) complemented with several
other surveys to compare the profile of Baltic temporary workers abroad before and after EU
accession with that of stayers and return migrants. Determinants of migration and return, as
well as selection issues are discussed. Post-enlargement migrants from all three countries
were significantly less educated than stayers. After accession, medium-educated workers
were most likely to move, other things equal, and human capital became increasingly less
pro-migration over time. Return migrants differ from all movers in many ways and, in
particular, are more educated. Although brain drain was not a feature of post-accession Baltic
migration, brain waste was: during 2006-2007, the proportion of overqualified among higheducated movers ranged from five out of ten for Latvia to seven out of ten for Lithuania, but it
was around one fifth among high-educated stayers in all three countries. We find that the free
movement of labor partially introduced in 2004 (and expanded in 2006) for EU citizens,
although excluding Baltic non-citizens, brought about significant changes in how ethnicity and
citizenship affect workers’ mobility. We conclude by discussing migration perspectives in the
context of recession