The Shifting Paradigms of Power: Religion, Globalization, and the Emerging Islamic Reformation

The article explores the compatibility of Islamic traditions with the 21^st century, framing it within historical parallels to the European Reformation. Drawing on theories by Max Weber, Antonio Gramsci, and Ninian Smart, it examines how ideological and geopolitical rivalries among Muslim-majority nations resemble a “Muslim Reformation”. Instead of economic modernization or mass mobilization, this reformation centres on religious soft power competition. Key players include Turkey, blending religious influence with political ambitions; Saudi Arabia, shifting toward a more outward-facing Islam while retaining conservative practices; UAE, promoting tolerance and apolitical Islam; Iran, focusing on Shiite militias and ideological outreach; Indonesia, advocating humanitarian, pluralistic Islam and democratic values; Morocco, projecting moderate Islam. This competition shapes the global image of Islam and sparks debate on the role of religion in governance and society. While Indonesia stands out for its democratic approach and reinterpretation of Islamic teachings, broader progress remains hindered by authoritarianism and the enduring influence of political Islam.